ANSWER QUESTION

Mic. Doc

MIDDLE SEMESTER OF PSYCHOLOGY PERSONALITY

1.      Make a comparative analysis between Sigmund Freud's theory of personality and personality theory Islam. Aspects are compared for each of the theories are (1) structure of personality, (2) growth and development, and (3) pathology.

2.      According to Hans J. Eysenck (1916-1997),, there are three dimensions of personality, namely extraversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism.

a.       Explain the purpose of the three dimensions of personality by giving examples for each dimension.

b.      Give your analysis or critique of Eysenck’s theory from an Islamic perspective.

Answer:

1.      Analysis between Sigmund Freud's theory of personality and personality theory Islam;

a)      Structure of personality

Psychoanalysis theory was first introduced by a prominent citizen of Austria that is Sigmund Freud (1856-1939). Psychoanalytic theory can be said as a stream of psychology's most influential and the most popular because it has a unique theoretical basis, this theory assumes that human beings are aspects of consciousness, preconsciousness and unconsciousness. Of these three aspects, unconsciousness is an aspect of the most influential and dominant in determining human behavior. In the childhood memories stored unconsciousness, psychic energy and instinct.

Preconsciousness acts as a liaison between consciousness and unconsciousness that contains the memories and ideas that can be used anytime. While consciousness is only a minority of the structure of consciousness, but this is the mind interacts directly with reality.

Then after developing awareness of the structure above, Freud developed a well known personality structure with mind apparatus, namely:

(1). Instinctual drives (id)

is the only component of personality that is present from birth. Aspects of personality are fully aware of and including instinctive and primitive behaviors. According to Freud, the id / instinctual drives is the source of all psychic energy, making it a major component of personality. id / instinctual drives driven by the pleasure principle, which seeks for immediate gratification of all desires, wants, and needs. If this requirement is not satisfied immediately, the result is immediate anxiety or tension.

However, immediately satisfying these needs is not always realistic or even possible. If we were ruled entirely by the pleasure principle, we might find ourselves grabbing things we want out of the hands of others to satisfy our own desires. This sort of behavior would be disruptive and socially unacceptable. According to Freud, the id / instinctual drives to try to resolve the tension created by the pleasure principle through the primary process, which involves the formation of a mental image of the desired object as a way to satisfy the requirement.

(2). Ego

a personality system that can direct contact with the reality outside itself. Here the ego has several roles, namely, the rule, regulating and controlling personality. It acts as an intermediary between instinct with world around him. Ego arises due to the needs of an organism.

(3). Super ego

an aspect of personality that holds all of the internalization of moral standards and ideals that we acquire from both parents and society - our sense of right and wrong. The superego provides guidelines for making judgments.

Psychoanalysis in Islamic perspective

In theory mentioned by Freud, the theory works to explain the behavior, predict and control human behavior sometimes that is horizontal only. whereas in Islam, represented by the science of morality and mysticism spoke of how to change behavior to be good and how the soul closer to god, so the process that occurs in Islam deals with the interaction between humans and the interaction of individuals with the same god that creates synergy between the two relationships is a Muslim man having akhlaqul karimah (good act) which also contained karimah personality (good people).

Another difference between the two lies in the methodology, Freud sparked musings and meditations from the results of laboratory test results, even when he discovered the theory of psychoanalysis was told she was having a nervous breakdown. In a condition that causes many other psychological figures criticized the validity and existence theory. whereas in Islam the main source of information is the Qur'an, hadith, philosophy and mysticism then used as a barometer for the appreciation and experience of psychiatric, and laboratory experimentation as a means of verification and comparison as it has been practiced by western psychologists, including Freud.

Then if we trace theory freud conscious and personality structure, then we will find the theories already mentioned by the Qur'an, which distinguishes only on the difference semantic. As contained in Surah An Nazi'at :37-41:

“In  verse on lafadz   is ((طَغَى )) and  ((ءَاثَر))   there are  the term used to define the behavior Freud Id.”.

“While lafadz  ((خَا فَ))  and    ((نَهَا ))    is the lafadz of super ego that evaluates all wish of Id”.

In Surah Al Baqarah : 36, looks clear linkage between Id and ego, that is Adam and Eve with Satan/Evil/Devil   trickery eating forbidden fruit of the tree, which resulted in both of them out of heaven, what is meant by Freud on the relationship id that encourage the ego to fulfill all wishes.

In Surah Yusuf : 53, God Tells the story of the prophet Joseph as:

وَمَا أُبَرِّئُ نَفْسِي إِنَّ النَّفْسَ لَأَمَّارَةٌ بِالسُّوءِ إِلَّا مَا رَحِمَ رَبِّي إِنَّ رَبِّي غَفُورٌ رَحِيم

Joseph, in a letter Yusuf verse 53, describes the id (instinctual drives) as something that is ((لَأَمَّارَةٌ بِالسُّوءِ)), very urgent ego to act badly. The ego can only escape from the influence of the id when guided (by the super-ego) to receive mercy (teachings) of God. Although the meaning of a subject who said the sentence was still happening deviation among the commentators, Joseph or (in the matter) wife of the ruler.

According to the Islamic concept of Personality

Understanding Islam personality according to our attention in a series of Surah Al-Isra '36, Al A'raf 179, as-Sajda 9, Ar An Nazi'at Ra'du 19-22 and 40, namely: personality is the totality of the activities of the components in the physical-spiritual unity that built up through the process ta'dibiyah, tarbiyah, experiences and environmental influences that shape the ways of thinking, willing, feeling and behaving, the hallmark of mental attitude and one's image in the face of something.

All the things mentioned above were driven by the spirit, a force that causes life on life objects. From this arises the spirit of reason, conscience, passion, air and feeling. Fifth it is a spiritual component or organ.

1.      Intellect, something subtle that understand everything to catch all the science on human beings.

2.      Conscience, where the seeds of faith and spiritual instinct, belief or instinct Rabbani as guidance from God given instinct since nature spirits (Surah Al A'raf 172 and Surah Ar Rum 30). Conscience is the inner voice sources (hadith Nafs) which always gives the soft sound coming from the angels whisper guidance from Allah, if well done, if something bad were left to deal with.

3.      Lust, the emergence of desire is driven by motives from outside or from within. Lust is what led to a variety of creativity to meet their basic needs.

4.      Bad desire, causing more desire greedy human nature, always feel deprived, complaints and griping.

5.      Feelings, which always gives soul component evaluation and bear the consequences caused by mental events.

The process of self-control (jihadun nafs) is played by the mind as a leader in the struggle for influence appetite, the choice between an angel whisper through conscience and the promptings of Satan/Evil/Devil   through the air that will determine the quality of the human personality. If lust is more dominant in the whisper of angels (conscience), then the behavior will always decorated good deeds. But if the desire is more inclined to whisper Satan/Evil/Devil, then the behavior will always decorated misconduct.

According to Islam Spirit created one of the greatest creations of God honor God and generosity very dishonor and honor فنسبها to the same attic in his book the Koran.? Almighty God said:) When I have breathed into him of My spirit fashioned him prostrate (29) ((Al Stone)? And of the greatness of this honor to this creature that God singled out the full spirit flag can not be any creature object was to teach science about this creature except what Allah tells us

Nafs is an Arabic word (cognate of the Hebrew word  נפש ) which occurs in the Qur'an and means self, psyche, ego or soul. In its unrefined state, "the ego (nafs) is the lowest dimension of man's inward existence, his animal and satanic nature."Nafs is an important concept in the Islamic tradition, especially within Sufism and the discipline of gnosis (Irfan) in Shia Islam. Nafs means inner self - the evil side of your soul. It varies for every person. Tradition states it is a little black spot on the area where the person's heart is and it is mentioned in the hadith that Muhammad had this spot removed.

1.      ِThe inciting nafs, (اَلنَّفْسُ اْلأَمَّارَةٌ بِالسُّوْءِ)ِ

The mood is still untamed, yet have guidelines about the good and the bad. All good deems favorable, do not feel guilty if done wrong. The whole passion even submit to the will anger of minds. Such mood always ordered (ammara) to crime (Surah 53). In a pronouncing shighah mubalaghah in the verse of that there is God used to assert that the state of the soul as it will continue to engage in evil. In lust ammara there are 2 power often dominates, namely: power lust blind (the desire for something wild, and power ghadhab (irritability, emotional, haughty, arrogant). So this personality orientation is following the bestiality. Lust lawwamah can move the appetite better when they have been given the grace of Allah SWT.

2.      The self-accusing, (اَلنَّفْسُ اللَّوَّامَةِ)

The state of the soul that has known good and bad but has not been doing good and leave the bad (Al Qiyamah: 2). The soul is still facade is already familiar sense of regret after commit adultery. Actually appetite at this stage is in a limbo between desire and lust ammara Muthmainnah. The lawwamah said, there are differences of opinion about the roots of the word or that is talawwum (fickle and indecisive) or from the word al laum (blame). To be sure the two meanings that are believed though scholars' righteous ones

3.      The nafs at peace (( النَّفْسُ الْمُطْمَئِنَّةُ

Who already know the mood is good and able to do it, and already know the bad and be able to leave anyway. Although sometimes already but soon repented sin so as to feel the inner peace of birth ,  In Sura   الفجر: 27    the Qur'an mentions "the nafs at peace".This is the ideal stage of ego for Muslims. On this level one is firm in one’s faith and leaves bad manners behind. The soul becomes tranquil, at peace. At this stage, followers of Sufism have relieved themselves of all materialism and worldly problems and are satisfied with the will of God.

4.      The nafs of Inspiration (( النَّفْسُ الملهمة

Souls who have got inspiration from Allah SWT.

5.      The nafs of perfect human, (( النَّفْسُ الكاملة

Quality of life is perfect, the Apostles were  soul free from sin.

In fact Islam hadith clearly have set meal proportion to its adherents that there is a balance in his life. So with such a balance will have implications on good behavior because the workings of the system as a reasonable ratio, heart as a means of taste and passion as a source of lust collaborate with proportional.

Thus the Islamic perspective on psychoanalytic theory freud, of exposure that has been explicitly described above, we can conclude that the personality structure that was introduced by Freud was already ten centuries ago alluded to by Muslims from various verses of the Qur'an and the authentic hadiths, the only difference lies in the aspects of the terms used by Freud so it appears from the outside as a new scientific theory but in terms of content and theoretical basis in fact already looks outdated because it was mentioned in Islam that came long before Freud discovered his theory.

b)      Growth and development

Human development in psychoanalytic is a very thorough overview of the psychosocial and psychosexual development, from birth to adulthood. In Freud's theory of every human being must pass through a series of developmental stages in the process of becoming mature. These stages are very important for the formation of the personality traits that are settled.

According to Freud, personality is formed at around the age of 5-6 years (in A. Supratika), namely:

1. oral stage,

2. anal stage: 1-3 years,

3. stages Palus: 3-6 years,

4. the latent stage: 6-12 years,

5. genital stage: 12-18 years,

6. the adult stage, which split early adulthood, middle age and old age.

From the view of Islam can be an example of the stages of human development, which are Nashori (2005), Sofia (2006) and Hasan (2006). Nashori (2005) divides human development into: pre-natal, infant phase, the phase of childhood, tamyiz phase, amrad phase, phase taklif / adult, futuh phase, the phase of the elderly, and post-death phase.

Meanwhile, in the Islamic perspective of human development according to Sofia (2006) is divided into:

1.      Since humans still a soul (spirit) to make spirit into a clot (phase testimony),

2.      The baby, a child until the age of 7 year as the initial basis in fulfilling religious obligations, up to the age limit of 10 years that is religious responsibilities,

3.      The legal age (puberty), the age of transition from childhood into adolescence that demands fulfillment of religious obligations such as the following pillars difference fulfillment religious duty by sex (prayer for men and women, etc.),

4.      The following marriage developmental tasks in the role of each individual as husband and wife, children and parents,

5.      The aging and death, and

6.      The period of revival.

Meanwhile, Hasan (2006) argued that the stages of life include prenatal stage, a period of growth, attainment of maturity period, the period of middle age and aging period.

              The phases of human development Table

WEST PSYCHOLOGY	PSYCHOLOGY ISLAMIC
Prenatal phase	phase is longer (starting from the creation of the spirit)
Adolescent phase	preparatory phase to mature (tamyiz and amrad)
Middle adult phase	Futuh phase (spiritual openness)
There was no post-death phase	After life phase

a)      Pathology

Ø  According to Freud

Adult patients

The various psychoses involve deficits in the autonomous ego functions (see above) of integration (organization) of thought, in abstraction ability, in relationship to reality and in reality testing. In depressions with psychotic features, the self-preservation function may also be damaged (sometimes by overwhelming depressive affect). Because of the integrative deficits (often causing what general psychiatrists call "loose associations," "blocking," "flight of ideas," "verbigeration," and "thought withdrawal"), the development of self and object representations is also impaired. Clinically, therefore, psychotic individuals manifest limitations in warmth, empathy, trust, identity, closeness and/or stability in relationships (due to problems with self-object fusion anxiety) as well.

In patients whose autonomous ego functions are more intact, but who still show problems with object relations, the diagnosis often falls into the category known as "borderline." Borderline patients also show deficits, often in controlling impulses, affects, or fantasies – but their ability to test reality remains more or less intact. Adults who do not experience guilt and shame, and who indulge in criminal behavior, are usually diagnosed as psychopaths, or, using DSM-IV-TR, antisocial personality disorder.

Panic, phobias, conversions, obsessions, compulsions and depressions (analysts call these "neurotic symptoms") are not usually caused by deficits in functions. Instead, they are caused by intrapsychic conflicts. The conflicts are generally among sexual and hostile-aggressive wishes, guilt and shame, and reality factors. The conflicts may be conscious or unconscious, but create anxiety, depressive affect, and anger. Finally, the various elements are managed by defensive operations – essentially shut-off brain mechanisms that make people unaware of that element of conflict. "Repression" is the term given to the mechanism that shuts thoughts out of consciousness. "Isolation of affect" is the term used for the mechanism that shuts sensations out of consciousness. Neurotic symptoms may occur with or without deficits in ego functions, object relations, and ego strengths. Therefore, it is not uncommon to encounter obsessive-compulsive schizophrenics, panic patients who also suffer with borderline personality disorder, etc.

This section above is partial to ego psychoanalytic theory "autonomous ego functions." As the "autonomous ego functions" theory is only a theory, it may yet be proven incorrect.

Childhood origins

Freudian theories believe that adult problems can be traced to unresolved conflicts from certain phases of childhood and adolescence. Freud, based on the data gathered from his patients early in his career, suspected that neurotic disturbances occurred when children were sexually abused in childhood (the so-called seduction theory). Later, Freud came to believe that, although child abuse occurs, not all neurotic symptoms were associated with this. He realized that neurotic people often had unconscious conflicts that involved incestuous fantasies deriving from different stages of development. He found the stage from about three to six years of age (preschool years, today called the "first genital stage") to be filled with fantasies of having romantic relationships with both parents. Arguments were quickly generated in early 20th-century Vienna about whether adult seduction of children was the basis of neurotic illness, there still is no complete agreement.

Many psychoanalysts who work with children have studied the actual effects of child abuse, which include ego and object relations deficits and severe neurotic conflicts. Much research has been done on these types of trauma in childhood, and the adult sequelae of those. On the other hand, many adults with symptom neuroses and character pathology have no history of childhood sexual or physical abuse. In studying the childhood factors that start neurotic symptom development, Freud found a constellation of factors that, for literary reasons, he termed the Oedipus complex (based on the play by Sophocles, Oedipus Rex, where the protagonist unwittingly kills his father Laius and marries his mother Jocasta). The shorthand term, "oedipal" — later explicated by Joseph Sandler in "On the Concept Superego" (1960) and modified by Charles Brenner in "The Mind in Conflict" (1982) — refers to the powerful attachments that children make to their parents in the preschool years. These attachments involve fantasies of sexual relationships with either (or both) parent, and, therefore, competitive fantasies toward either (or both) parents. Humberto Nagera (1975) has been particularly helpful in clarifying many of the complexities of the child through these years.

The terms "positive" and "negative" oedipal conflicts have been attached to the heterosexual and homosexual aspects, respectively. Both seem to occur in development of most children. Eventually, the developing child's concessions to reality (that they will neither marry one parent nor eliminate the other) lead to identifications with parental values. These identifications generally create a new set of mental operations regarding values and guilt, subsumed under the term "superego." Besides superego development, children "resolve" their preschool oedipal conflicts through channeling wishes into something their parents approve of ("sublimation") and the development, during the school-age years ("latency") of age-appropriate obsessive-compulsive defensive maneuvers (rules, repetitive games).

Ø  According Islam

According Islam

As Islam also noticed differences in the level of commitment to human teachings and preserve the rights of others, for that set of sanctions to prevent the violations of the rights of Allah such as apostasy, adultery, drink alcohol and the like, as well as set of sanctions -sanctions that prevent the occurrence of violations of the rights of fellow human beings, such as killing, stealing, adultery accusing others, or persecute with hit or hurt. Sanctions will be determined in accordance with the form of the crime committed, without exaggeration.

It is appropriate that have been described in Quran surah Al-Mu `minuun/23 :1-11

                                                      

"1. Indeed fortunately those who believe,
2. (ie) those that humility in sembahyangnya,
3. and those who shy away from (actions and words) are not useful,
4. and those who give charity,
5. and those who keep his cock,
6. except for their wives or slaves they had. So the fact

     they are in this respect not contempt.
7. Anyone looking behind it. So they Those are the

     people who exceed the limits.
8. and the people who keep these messages (sorrows)

     and promise.
9. and those who keep his prayer.
10. That they are the people who will inherit,
11. (ie) who will inherit heaven paradise. They will

       abide therein."

1.      Three dimensions Eysenck (1916-1997)

a)      the three dimensions of personality

Extraversion

The concept of Eysenck on extraversion and introversion has nine properties is the opposite of the trait extraversion, namely: no social, quiet, passive, hesitant, many minds, sad, submissive, pessimistic, timid.

Eysenck believes that the main difference between extraversion and introversion are excitatory cortical level (CAL = Cortical Arousal Level), physiological conditions that are largely descendants. excitatory cortical level is a description of how to react to stimulation of the sensory cortex. If excitatory cortical level low level means that the cortex is not sensitive, weak reaction. CAL high contrast, easily aroused cortex to react. People who context CAL is low, so he's much needed sensory stimulation to activated context. Instead introversive CAL is high, he just needs a little stimulation to activate context. Be a introversive withdrawn, shy away from the tumult of the surrounding circumstances that can make excess stimulation.

Extrovert	Introvert
People extroverts prefer to participate in activities together, party rah-rah, team sports (football, rafting), drinking alcohol and smoking marijuana.	Introverts choose activities that poor social stimuli, such as reading, solitary sports (skiing, athletics), an exclusive fraternity.
Introverts choose activities that poor social stimuli, such as crowded conditions increase the performance of people extrovert	More sensitive to pain, and tends to be more cautious
Extraverted prefer a vacation that contain interactions with others	introvert is less need something new
Extraverted more sexually active	Introvert better in school
Extraverted enjoy aggressive humor and explicit sexual	whereas introverts prefer a form of intellectual humor such as puns and jokes are subtle.

as extraversion-introversion, neuroticism-stability has a strong hereditary component. Eysenck reported several studies that found evidence of the genetic basis of neurotic traits, such as anxiety disorders, hysteria, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Also there is uniformity between identical twins-over-fraternal twins in terms of antisocial and asocial behavior as an adult crime, deviant behavior in children, homosexuality, and alcoholism.

People who score high neurotic often have a tendency to excessive emotional reactions and emotions difficult to return to normal after the increase. But it's not a neurosis neuroticism in a general sense. People can get high neuroticism scores but remained free of simpton psychological disorders. According to Eysenck, neuroticism scores following the model of the stress-diathesis (diathesis-stress model); namely high N scores are more prone to developing motivated neurotic disorders than low N scores, when faced with stressful situations.

Biological basis of neuroticism is a sensitivity reaction to the autonomic nervous system (ANS = Automatic Nervous Reactivity). People who ANS sensitivity is high, the environmental conditions are reasonable even respond emotionally so easily develop neurotic disorders. Neuroticism and extraversion may be incorporated in the form of the relationship CAL and ANS, and in a line of abscissa ordinate. Position of each person in the two-dimensional plane that depends on its level of extraversion and neuroticism.

Subject	Dimension	CAL	ANS	Simptom
(A)	Introverted-Neurotic	High	High	first-rate psychological disturbances
(B)	Extroverts -Neurotic	Low	High	Disorders psychic second level
(C)	Introverted-Stability	High	Low	Normal introversive
(D)	Extroverts -Stability	Low	Low	Normal extrovertsive

Explanation of Tables

A is the Introverted-Neurotic (introversive extreme and extreme neuroticism) or people who have a high CAL and high ANS. People tend to have simptom anxiety, depression, phobias, and obsessive-compulsive disorder, which suffer from mental disorders Eysenck called first level (disorders of the first kind).

B is Extroverts -Neurotic people or people who have a low CAL and high ANS. People tend to be psychopathic, criminal and or suffering from mental disorders second level (disorders of the second kind).

C is a normal person who introversive; quiet, deep thinking, trustworthy.

P
Creative
Antisocial
Impulsive
Egocentric
Impersonal
Tough-minded
Unemphatic
Cold
Aggressive
D is a normal-ekstravers; cheerful, responsive, / hang out.

Psychoticism

The third dimension, psychoticism, added to the model at the end of 1970, based on the collaboration between Eysenck and his wife Sybil BG Eysenck, who is the current editor of Personality and Individual Differences.

People who score high psychoticism its own trait aggressive, cold, egocentric, not private, impulsive, antisocial, not empathetic, creative, hard-hearted. Conversely those who score low psychoticism has trait caring / kind, warm, full attention, intimate, quiet, very social, empathic, cooperative, and patient. As in extraversion and neuroticism, psychoticism have a large genetic element. Overall the three dimensions of personality that 75% are hereditary, and only 25% of the neighborhood function. As in neuroticism, psychoticism also modeled stress-diathesis (diathesis-stress model). People who do not have high psychoticism variable psychotic, but they have a predisposition to suffer from stress and develop a psychotic disorder. In those days people only experience a low stress, high P scores may still be functioning normally, but when subjected to severe stress, people become psychotic when severe stress that is past the normal function of personality is difficult to achieve again.

Eysenck's personality theory emphasizes the role of hereditary as a determining factor in the acquisition of trait extraversion, neuroticism, and psikotisisme (and intelligence). It is partly based on evidence of correlational relationships between biological aspects, such as CAL (Cortical Arousal Level) and ANS (Automatic Nervous System Reactivity) with dimensions of personality.
However, Eysenck also argued that all behavior that looks - the behavior of the hierarchy habits and specific response - everything (including the neurotic behavior) learned from the environment.

Eysenck found the essence of the phenomenon is a neurotic reaction to fear is learned or conditioned. It happens when one or two neutral stimulus is followed by a feeling of sickness or physical or psychological pain. If the trauma is very hard and the person prone to neurosis heredity factors, it can be quite a traumatic event for making it develop anxiety reactions with great power and difficult to change (diathesis stress model).

Once the conditioning of fear or anxiety occurs, the trigger will develop not only limited to the original object or event, but fear or anxiety is also triggered by other stimuli similar to the original stimulus or stimuli that are considered related to the original stimulus. The mechanism of this stimulus expansion following the principle of stimulus generalization paradigm widely discussed in behaviorism. Whenever people face that makes it respond to stimuli in the form of efforts to avoid or reduce anxiety, according to Eysenck, the man becomes unconditioned fear or anxiety with stimuli that had just faced. Thus, the tendency of people to respond to the neurotic behavior becoming increasingly widespread, so that people react with fear to stimuli that resemble little or no resemblance to the object or situation that original scary.

According to Eysenck, the new stimulus just be attached to the original stimulus, so that people may develop ways of responding to stimuli that occur immediately as a result of stimuli that, without a functional purpose. Eysenck reject psychodynamic analysis that looked neurotic behavior developed for the purpose of reducing anxiety. According to him, often developed neurotic behavior for no apparent reason, often counterproductive, increase anxiety, and not decrease it.
Eysenck does not cover the possibility of environmental influences on personality, such as family interactions in childhood, but he believes its influence on personality is limited.

a)      Analysis or critique of Eysenck’s theory from an Islamic perspective.

 

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